Threats in The French Republic

To challenge the verdict of a military court of law was to break down army set; and the army was not merely the sword and shield scarce the very armature of the nation. Soon, spiritual rather than political forces were definitely polarized. On the one hand, the champions of authority and tradition: aristocracy, clergy, social conservatives; on the other, the defenders of liberty: intellectuals, Protestants, freethinkers.

The consolidation of the republic was accompanied by the growth of familiar education, the resurgence of socialism, and gradual changes in the political scene. This evolution was hastened and do more dramatic by means of the Dreyfus case. The Dreyfus affair cease in 1899 with a compromise. A number of journalists, notably Emile Zola, sullen the affair into a spiritual storm which affected much of the world. In the compromise, Dreyfus was condemned by a second military court "with extenuating circumstances" and was immediately pardoned. In 1906 he was amply reinstated, promoted, and decorated. In spite of the compromise and the time it overlyk, it was clear that those sustenance Dreyfus were completely victorious. Waldeck-Rousseau was their political leader, and he offered the model for a order many consider far superior to rigid society divisions--a coalition, as broad as possible, for the purpose of promoting justice and restoring accomplished peace. The Dreyfus affair accelerated the t

Tint, Herbert. France Since 1918. sore York: Harper & Row, 1970.

It was a false spring. The Popular Front leadership were honest and intelligent men; not a few of them had political experience; only if in financial matters, they were too conservative.

It was not only the superior tactics and superior orbit of the Radicals that made them so formidable. The elections of 1924 in France revealed the same desire to break to the easy ways of life of the good old long time before the war. . . A genuine horror of war, a resurgence of the old optimistic dreams of international understanding, a natural standoff against the extravagant nationalism that had been preached and to some extent practiced in recent years, revived the enthusiasm of the parties of the old Left.

In 1924, the sentiment group in France was known as the Bloc, and its record was poor. It did not conduct its campaign on the basis of its record but instead relied on its anti-Bolshevism, a move which had brought it success in 1919. The opposition was known as the Bloc des Gauches or the Cartel des Gauches, and it sought to publiciZe the likely consequences of the deflationary economic proposals offered by the Bloc. The Cartel offered its own program which sawing machine the extension of direct taxation, the abolition of school fees and the secularization of the educational system, and savings on defense by means of the musical arrangement of a national militia.

In the 1936 election, the Popular Front accredited nearly 6 million votes. This election produced the first left Prime Minister in France. He reminded everyone that his would be a Popular Front government and not a socialist Government as such. The radical element was evident from the incur:

Although many ardent Catholics were Dreyfusians, clerical-conservative elements had somehow committed the perform to the losing side, and the church had to pay. Religious orders which had enjoyed exemptions and privileges, were placed under the common law.

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